SPACE DEBRIS

5th November, 2021 Prelims

SPACE DEBRIS

Space Debris

Space junk is any piece of machinery or debris left by humans in space—principally in Earth orbit.
These include dead satellites, fragments of rocket bodies and spacecraft etc.

Concerns

Can be a hazard to active satellites and spacecraft.
At orbital velocities, even the tiniest pieces of debris can disable an operational satellite.
Potential collision threat to the space station.
Earth orbit could even become impassable if the risk of collision grows too high.
It could hinder our ability to use weather satellites, and hence to monitor weather changes.
Currently, an estimated 20,000 objects—including satellites and space debris—are crowding low-Earth orbit.

Kessler syndrome

This is an idea proposed by NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978.
It says if there is too much space junk in orbit, it could result in a chain reaction where more and more objects will collide and create new space junk in the process, to the point where Earth's orbit became unusable – a Domino Effect.
12 fragmentation events have already taken place every year for the past two decades.

Humans have intentionally and unintentionally left things on the Moon.

Things left on the Moon

Not only have we left a lot of space junk in Earth's orbit, there are objects elsewhere too, such as on the lunar surface. Some things were abandoned on the Moon, but others were placed there as mementos or time capsules. Here are some fast facts about what's been left on the Moon:

Three Moon buggies from Apollo 15, 16 and 17

54 uncrewed probes that have crashed or landed on the Moon

190,000 kilograms of material left by humans on the Moon

The first spacecraft and probes left on the Moon by different countries:

1959: Luna 2 (USSR)

1969: Ranger 4 (USA)

1993: Hiten (Japan)

2006: SMART-1 (Europe)

2008: Chandrayaan-1 (India)

2009: Chang'e-1 (China)

2019: Beresheet (Israel)

Some other strange objects left on the Moon:

1969: a golden olive branch (Apollo 11)

1969: art by Andy Warhol (Apollo 12)

1971: three golf balls (Apollo 14)

1971: a falcon feather (Apollo 15)

1972: a photograph of astronaut Charles Duke's family (Apollo 16)

Mitigation Measures

Developing Reusable spacecrafts.
Designing and building spacecraft that can better withstand the harsh environment of space without disintegrating;
Releasing stored energy and fuel so that defunct spacecraft don’t explode;
Once a spacecraft's mission is over, moving it to a safer orbit. That is -
A "graveyard orbit" high above the low-Earth space.
Bringing it down using laser into Earth's atmosphere to burn up on re-entry as a neat disposal system.
Capture debris or de-orbit old satellites.
Charge operators “orbital-use fees” for every satellite put into orbit.
Careful choice of orbits
Performing ‘collision avoidance manoeuvres’.
Orbital lifetime reduction (accelerating the natural decay of space objects to reduce the time that they remain in orbit)
International cooperation in the debris mitigation measures
Contributing to the efforts of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS).

Initiatives taken to tackle the problem

Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee

IADC is an inter-governmental forum whose aim is to co-ordinate efforts to deal with debris in orbit around the Earth founded in 1993.

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command, is an initiative of the U.S. and Canada that shares selective debris data with many countries.

ClearSpace-1 Mission

In this a "chaser" with its four robotic arms will grab the leftover of 2013 craft known as VESPA (Vega Secondary Payload Adapter) and drag it down to Earth's atmosphere where both will burn up.
To be launched in 2025.

ELSA-d, Mission

ELSA-d (End-of-Life Services b), will test technologies to capture an object in low-Earth orbit and move it to a lower altitude, where it will eventually burn up harmlessly in Earth's atmosphere.

Starship

Space X Starship – the passenger‑carrying spacecraft once ready can collect and de-orbit space junk apart as well.

NEO-01’

China launched a low Earth orbit robot prototype called ‘NEO-01’.
It can scoop up space debris left behind by other spacecraft with a big net.
NEO-01, was launched on Long March 6 rocket.
NEO-01 will use a net to capture space debris and then burn it with its electric propulsion system.
The NEO-01, will also peer into deep space to observe small celestial bodies.
The 30kg robot will pave the way for future technologies capable of mining on asteroids.

ISRO’s Efforts

‘Project NETRA’

It is an early warning system in space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian satellites.

Other

ISRO’s GSLV employs passivation of the Cryogenic Upper Stage at the end of its useful mission.
ISRO's communication satellites are designed with adequate propellant margins for re-orbiting at the end of their useful life to a higher graveyard orbit.
Successful example: INSAT-2C