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Context: According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), Zambia is facing a severe anthrax outbreak that affects both humans and animals.

Zambia ●Zambia is a landlocked country in south-central Africa, bordered by eight other countries (Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). ●It is one of the world's largest producers of copper and cobalt, which are important for the global electronics industry. It also exports maize, tobacco, sugar, cotton and flowers. ●The official language is English, but there are over 70 local languages spoken across the country. The most widely spoken are Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga and Lozi. ●The main tribes are the Lozi, the Bemba, the Ngoni, the Tonga, the Luvale, and the Kaonde.

About Anthrax

• Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which forms spores that can survive for long periods in the environment. These spores are highly resistant and can be found in soil, affecting grazing animals through ingestion or inhalation.
• Human infection usually occurs through contact with infected animals or their byproducts.

Modes of Transmission in Humans

• Cutaneous Anthrax: This form is the most common and occurs when the spores come into contact with a break in the skin, leading to characteristic skin lesions.
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax: Consumption of contaminated meat from infected animals can cause this form, initially resembling food poisoning but progressing to severe abdominal issues.
• Inhalational Anthrax: Inhalation of the spores is the deadliest form, starting with flu-like symptoms and rapidly progressing to severe respiratory distress and shock.

Diagnosis

• Laboratory tests such as cultures, PCR, or ELISA help identify the presence of Bacillus anthracis in blood, skin lesions, or respiratory secretions. While no single test confirms anthrax exposure, a combination of clinical findings and specialized tests assists in diagnosis.

Treatment

• Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or levofloxacin can effectively treat anthrax infections. Severe cases may require hospitalization for supportive care, such as fluid drainage and mechanical ventilation.

Prevention

• Vaccines are available for both animals and humans, especially for those at high risk due to occupation or geographic location.
• Minimize contact with potentially infected animals or their products.
• Proper hygiene and handling procedures for animal products are crucial in preventing transmission.

Conclusion

• Understanding the modes of transmission, prompt diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial in managing and preventing the spread of anthrax. Vaccination and adherence to safety protocols play key roles in safeguarding both human and animal populations from this infectious disease.

PRACTICE QUESTION Q. Case Study Sarah, a 32-year-old veterinarian, was examining a herd of cattle on a farm. She noticed a few animals exhibiting symptoms of a mysterious illness. Days later, Sarah developed a skin lesion on her arm after handling one of the sick cows. She experienced fever and muscle aches along with the lesion. Concerned about her condition, Sarah sought medical attention. Q. What is the most probable mode of transmission for Sarah's infection? A) Consuming contaminated meat B) Inhaling anthrax spores C) Contact with infected skin or fur D) Through contaminated water Answer: C Explanation: Sarah likely contracted anthrax by handling the infected cattle or their products, leading to the development of the skin lesion.