Description

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Context:

Recently the Hydro-Geologist at the Rajasthan State Ground Water Department, attributed the incident to an “artesian condition.

What is an artesian condition?

According to the United States Geological Survey’s website an artesian aquifer refers to water stored under pressure, between layers of sediments and soil below the earth’s surface. It is also described as “confined” water because of hardy materials above and below it.

Factors leading to artesian condition

Factor	Description
Confined Aquifer	Water is trapped between layers of impermeable rock, making it difficult for it to escape.
Pressure Gradient	Natural geologic pressure from overlying rock layers creates internal pressure in aquifers.
Bursting or Drilling	Breaching the confining layer (e.g., through drilling) releases built-up pressure, forcing water upward.

How does it work?

Once the upper impermeable layer is breached, artesian water naturally flows to the surface, driven by the internal pressure of the aquifer. Depending on the depth and pressure in the aquifer, water can erupt violently.

Global examples

Artois, France: Artesian wells in this area were among the first documented during the Middle Ages.
Australia: Artesian wells are common in arid central regions and help support agriculture in otherwise arid regions.
Africa: Some areas of Africa, especially in desert areas, rely on artesian wells to access groundwater.

Importance

Artesian wells are especially important in desert and arid regions where water is scarce. The natural flow of artesian water can provide a reliable source of water without the need for energy-intensive pumps.
Artesian wells allow irrigation in places with limited access to surface water, allowing crops to be watered without the need for machinery.
Artesian conditions help scientists study subsurface water distribution, hydrology, and the overall geologic makeup of the region.

Source:

INDIAN EXPRESS

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.Examine the factors leading to the development of artesian conditions. How do they impact groundwater management and utilization in regions where they occur? (150 words)