CAVE ON THE MOON

18th July, 2024 Science and Technology

CAVE ON THE MOON

Source: IndianExpress

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Context

The recent confirmation of a cave on the Moon near the historic Apollo 11 landing site has significant implications for future lunar exploration and habitation.
This discovery highlights the potential of lunar caves as safe havens for astronauts, offering protection from the Moon's harsh environment.

Details

The Discovery

Location:The cave is located in the Sea of Tranquillity, about 400 kilometers from the Apollo 11 landing site.
Characteristics:The cave is roughly 45 meters wide and 80 meters long, equivalent to 14 tennis courts. It was identified through analysis of images taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) in 2010 .
Formation:The cave likely formed from the collapse of a lava tube, a common feature created by ancient volcanic activity on the Moon.

SEA OF TRANQUILLITY (MARE TRANQUILLITATIS)

The Sea of Tranquillity, or Mare Tranquillitatis, is a large, dark, basaltic plain on the Moon's surface.
It is located in the Moon's northeastern quadrant and is one of the lunar maria formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.
The Sea of Tranquillity is famous for being the landing site of Apollo 11, the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on July 20, 1969.
Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin made history here by taking humanity's first steps on the lunar surface.
The area is characterized by its smooth plains and is an important location for lunar studies due to its historical significance and geological features.

Potential for Human Habitation

Lunar caves could serve as:

Future Lunar Bases:Providing a safe and stable environment for long-term human missions on the Moon.
Emergency Shelters:Offering immediate protection for astronauts in case of unforeseen hazards on the lunar surface.

Caves on the Moon

Formation and Identification of Lunar Caves:

Lunar caves, primarily in the form of lava tubes, are believed to have formed during ancient volcanic activity on the Moon.
These caves are created when the surface of a lava flow cools and solidifies while the molten lava underneath continues to flow, eventually draining away and leaving behind a hollow tube.
Surface expressions of these lava tubes, known as "skylights," are formed by the collapse of the tube's roof.

Scientific and Exploration Missions:

The European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA are planning missions to explore these lunar caves further.
The ESA's planned mission involves deploying a rover to transport exploration equipment to the pit's edge, where a robotic crane (RoboCrane) and a spherical robotic probe (Daedalus) will descend to map and study the cave's interior.

Resources and Sustainability:

Lunar caves may also provide access to valuable resources such as water ice, especially near the lunar poles.
This ice can be used for life support and fuel production, reducing the need to transport these essentials from Earth.

Advantages of Lunar Caves

Stable Temperatures:Unlike the extreme temperature fluctuations on the lunar surface, which can range from 127°C during the day to -173°C at night, caves maintain a more stable temperature around 17°C.
Radiation Protection:The thick rock layers of lunar caves provide natural shielding from cosmic radiation, which is 150 times stronger on the Moon compared to Earth.
Micrometeorite Shielding:Lunar caves also offer protection from micrometeorite impacts, which are frequent and hazardous on the Moon's surface.

LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (LRO)

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft launched on June 18, 2009. It is designed to map the moon's surface in unprecedented detail, primarily to identify safe landing sites for future lunar missions, locate potential resources, and study the radiation environment. The LRO's suite of instruments includes:

LROC (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera): Captures high-resolution images of the lunar surface.
LEND (Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector): Maps hydrogen distribution to identify potential water ice deposits.
DLRE (Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment): Measures surface temperatures.
LOLA (Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter): Creates detailed topographic maps.
LAMP (Lyman Alpha Mapping Project): Studies the lunar atmosphere and searches for ice in permanently shadowed regions.
CRaTER (Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation): Measures radiation levels.

Major Geographical Features on the Moon

*Feature Type*	*Feature Name*	*Description*	*Location*
Mare (Plural: Maria)	Mare Imbrium	The largest mare on the Moon, formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.	Northwestern lunar near side
	Mare Tranquillitatis	The Sea of Tranquility, famous as the landing site of Apollo 11.	Eastern lunar near side
	Mare Serenitatis	The Sea of Serenity, characterized by its dark basaltic plains.	Northeast of Mare Imbrium
Craters	Tycho	A prominent impact crater with a large ray system.	Southern lunar hemisphere
	Copernicus	A large, relatively young impact crater with terraced walls and a central peak.	Near the center of the Moon's near side
	Clavius	One of the largest craters on the Moon, known for its distinctive arc of smaller craters inside.	Southern lunar highlands
Mountains	Montes Apenninus	A mountain range formed by the Imbrium Basin impact, featuring some of the highest peaks on the Moon.	Southeastern border of Mare Imbrium
	Montes Taurus	A rugged highland region where Apollo 17 landed.	Eastern lunar near side
Valleys	Vallis Schröteri	The largest sinuous rille on the Moon, believed to be a collapsed lava tube.	Near the Aristarchus Plateau
Rilles	Hadley Rille	A sinuous rille explored by Apollo 15 astronauts, believed to be a collapsed lava channel.	Near the Montes Apenninus
Basins	South Pole-Aitken Basin	The largest and oldest impact basin on the Moon, potentially containing material from the deep lunar crust.	Far side of the Moon

Moon Missions

*Mission*	*Date*	*Country/Agency*	*Type*	*Outcome*
Luna 1	Jan 2, 1959	USSR	Flyby	First spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon, missed impact.
Luna 2	Sep 12, 1959	USSR	Impact	First human-made object to reach the Moon.
Luna 3	Oct 4, 1959	USSR	Flyby	First photographs of the far side of the Moon.
Ranger 4	Apr 23, 1962	USA/NASA	Impact	First US spacecraft to reach the Moon.
Ranger 7	Jul 28, 1964	USA/NASA	Impact	First successful Ranger mission to transmit close-up images of the Moon.
Luna 9	Jan 31, 1966	USSR	Lander	First spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon.
Luna 10	Mar 31, 1966	USSR	Orbiter	First spacecraft to orbit the Moon.
Surveyor 1	May 30, 1966	USA/NASA	Lander	First US spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon.
Luna 16	Sep 12, 1970	USSR	Sample Return	First robotic sample return mission.
Apollo 11	Jul 16, 1969	USA/NASA	Crewed	First manned Moon landing; Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
Apollo 12	Nov 14, 1969	USA/NASA	Crewed	Second manned Moon landing.
Luna 17	Nov 10, 1970	USSR	Rover	Deployed Lunokhod 1, first remote-controlled rover.
Apollo 13	Apr 11, 1970	USA/NASA	Crewed	Intended Moon landing, aborted after spacecraft malfunction.
Apollo 14	Jan 31, 1971	USA/NASA	Crewed	Third manned Moon landing.
Apollo 15	Jul 26, 1971	USA/NASA	Crewed	First mission to use Lunar Roving Vehicle.
Luna 21	Jan 8, 1973	USSR	Rover	Deployed Lunokhod 2.
Apollo 16	Apr 16, 1972	USA/NASA	Crewed	Fifth manned Moon landing.
Apollo 17	Dec 7, 1972	USA/NASA	Crewed	Last manned Moon landing.
Luna 24	Aug 9, 1976	USSR	Sample Return	Last Soviet lunar mission, returned samples.
Hiten	Jan 24, 1990	Japan/ISAS	Orbiter	First Japanese mission to the Moon.
Clementine	Jan 25, 1994	USA/NASA	Orbiter	Mapped the Moon's surface in high detail.
Lunar Prospector	Jan 6, 1998	USA/NASA	Orbiter	Detected hydrogen at lunar poles.
SMART-1	Sep 27, 2003	ESA	Orbiter	Demonstrated ion propulsion, mapped lunar surface.
Kaguya (Selene)	Sep 14, 2007	Japan/JAXA	Orbiter	Created detailed topographical maps.
Chang'e 1	Oct 24, 2007	China/CNSA	Orbiter	First Chinese mission to the Moon.
Chandrayaan-1	Oct 22, 2008	India/ISRO	Orbiter	Discovered water molecules on the Moon.
LCROSS	Jun 18, 2009	USA/NASA	Impact	Confirmed presence of water ice.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	Jun 18, 2009	USA/NASA	Orbiter	High-resolution mapping of lunar surface.
Chang'e 2	Oct 1, 2010	China/CNSA	Orbiter	High-resolution imaging of the Moon.
GRAIL	Sep 10, 2011	USA/NASA	Orbiter	Mapped the Moon's gravitational field.
LADEE	Sep 6, 2013	USA/NASA	Orbiter	Studied the lunar atmosphere and dust.
Chang'e 3	Dec 1, 2013	China/CNSA	Lander/Rover	First soft landing on the Moon since 1976, deployed Yutu rover.
Chang'e 4	Dec 7, 2018	China/CNSA	Lander/Rover	First mission to land on the far side of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Jul 22, 2019	India/ISRO	Orbiter/Lander/Rover	Lander failed, orbiter operational.
Artemis I	Nov 16, 2022	USA/NASA	Uncrewed	Test mission for Artemis program, planned return to the Moon.
Chang'e 5	Nov 23, 2020	China/CNSA	Sample Return	Successfully returned lunar samples.
CAPSTONE	Jun 28, 2022	USA/NASA	Pathfinder	Tested new orbit for future lunar missions.

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Sources:

IndianExpress

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q: Consider the following statements regarding the Moon:

The Moon has no atmosphere, which means there is no weather or wind to erode surface features.
The far side of the Moon is always in complete darkness and never receives sunlight.
The Moon's gravitational influence is responsible for Earth's tides.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: b)

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CAVE ON THE MOON