Source: Hindu

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Context

• The U.S. State Department accused Russia of having used a chemical weapon against Ukrainian forces in violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, while also announcing fresh sanctions against Moscow.

Details

• It was first utilized as a poison gas during World War I by both Allied and Central Powers.
• Sanctions: The U.S. has imposed sanctions targeting entities involved in Russia's military and industrial capabilities, including those related to chemical and biological weapons programs.
• Previous incidents involving chemical substances, such as the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny, have raised concerns and prompted investigations into Russia's chemical weapons activities.

Chloropicrin

• Chemical Name: Trichloronitromethane
• Chemical Formula: CCl3NO2
• Other Names: Nitrochloroform, Nitromethane trichloride
• Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent odor resembling tear gas.

Production:

• Chloropicrin is typically synthesized through the reaction of chloroform (CHCl3) with nitric acid (HNO3) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or reaction of sodium hypochlorite with nitromethane.
• It's produced on an industrial scale primarily for its use as a pesticide, fumigant, and chemical intermediate.

Uses:

• Pesticide: Chloropicrin is widely used as a soil fumigant to control a broad spectrum of pests, including nematodes, fungi, insects, and weeds.
• Chemical Intermediate: It serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
• Tear Gas: Historically, it has been employed as a riot control agent and in military applications due to its severe irritant properties.

Mode of Action:

• Fumigant: Chloropicrin acts as a potent biocide by interfering with vital metabolic processes in pests, leading to their death.
• Irritant: Its pungent odor and ability to induce severe irritation in the respiratory system and eyes make it an effective deterrent against pests and rioters.

Health and Safety Considerations:

• Toxicity: Chloropicrin is highly toxic and can cause severe health effects upon exposure, including respiratory distress, skin irritation, eye damage, and in high doses, even death.
• It is highly carcinogenic, capable of inducing vomiting, which can lead to further inhalation of the gas.
• Handling Precautions: Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and handling procedures are crucial when working with chloropicrin to prevent exposure.
• Environmental Impact: It is classified as an environmental hazard due to its toxicity to aquatic organisms and potential to contaminate soil and groundwater.

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Sources:

Hindu

PRACTICE QUESTION Q.  The accusations against Russia regarding the use of chloropicrin and tear gas in Ukraine underscore the importance of transparency and trust-building efforts to address concerns and mitigate the risks associated with chemical agents in conflict situations. Comment. (250 words)