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Context

• A strong earthquake shook northwestern Nepal districts just before midnight Friday, and officials said at least 128 people were dead and dozens more injured as rescuers searched mountain villages.
• Eighty people were killed and more than 140 people sustained injuries in Jajarkot and Rukum districts of Western Nepal.

Earthquake:

• An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
• The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
• The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

Types of Earthquakes:

• Tectonic: A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes
• Volcanic: A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.
• Collapse: A collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that are caused by seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
• Explosion: An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or chemical device.
• Reservoir-induced Earthquakes: These occur in the areas of huge reservoirs like dams.

Seismic Zones of India:

• Seismic zones in the Indian subcontinent are divided into four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) based on
• scientific inputs relating to seismicity,
• earthquakes occurred in the past and
• tectonic setup of the region.
• The Bureau of Indian Standardsis the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes.
• It has brought out versions of seismic zoning map: a six zone map in 1962, a seven zone map in 1966, and a five zone map 1970/1984

Seismic Active Zones:

• Seismic Zone II
• Seismic Zone III
• Seismic Zone IV
• Seismic Zone V

Mercalli Scale: a twelve-point scale for expressing the local intensity of an earthquake, ranging from I (virtually imperceptible) to XII (total destruction). Richter scale: It is a scale of numbers used to tell the power (or magnitude) of earthquakes.

Types of Seismic Waves:

BODY WAVES

• Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves.
• Body waves are of two types: Primary waves (also called P-waves, or pressure waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves, or shear waves).

SURFACE WAVES

• Travelling only through the crust, surface waves are of a lower frequency than body waves. Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are almost entirely responsible for the damage and destruction associated with earthquakes.
• The two types of surface waves are named Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

India and earthquakes:

• More than 60% of the land in India is prone to moderate to very high-intensity earthquakes.
• Some major past earthquakes in India
• 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: 8.4 magnitude
• 1967 Koyna Earthquake: 6.5 magnitude
• 2001 Bhuj: 7.7 magnitude
• 2005 Jammu Kashmir Earthquake

Causes of Earthquakes in India

• North–East region: Collision zones of the Himalayan belt and Sumatran belt. Kopili fault is currently the most active seismic zone in North East India.
• Himalayan belt–Collision between Indo-Austral plate with Eurasian plate and Burma Plate with Java Sumatra.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands–Seafloor displacement and underwater volcanoes.
• Deccan Plateau–Fault line and energy build-up along the fault line of the river Bhima (Krishna) near Latur and Osmanabad (Maharashtra).
• Anthropogenic: Increasing population and unscientific land use in construction.

Impact of Earthquakes

• Loss of Human Lives
• Change in River Course
• Landslide
• Floods
• Land Slide
• Tsunami
• Floods
• Avalanches
• Damage to property

Steps taken by Government to manage Earthquakes

• National Center for Seismology, Ministry of Earth Sciences: For Earthquake surveillance and Hazard Reporting
• National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project
• National Building Code (NBC): To regulate building construction
• Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC): Areas of work-
• National Retrofitting Program
• ‘India Quake’ mobile appto disseminate real-time earthquake information.

International Cooperation

• 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Joint Exercise on Urban Earthquake Search and Rescue-‘SCOJtEx-2019’ held in New Delhi.
• BIMSTEC Disaster Management Exercise in Odisha.
• India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
• Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) launched by India at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit.

Challenges and Gaps in Earthquake Management in India

• Incomprehensive Polices: Scientific research findings on the Kopili fault earthquake zone have hardly made it into disaster reduction policies. Bridging this gap is key to formulating any meaningful earthquake damage mitigation plans.
• Hilly and mountainous region: Retrofitting is difficult and costly in these regions
• Lack of Skilled Human Resources: for resistant design and building.
• Poor/no campaign of sensitizing the decision-makers and Government on the need for earthquake preparedness.
• Lack of formal competency-based licensing of structural engineers and masons.
• Even today most consulting engineers do not follow even the available Indian Standard design provisions for making earthquake-resistant constructions,
• Restricted earthquake engineering and preparedness education.
• Inadequate monitoring and enforcement of earthquake-resistant building codes;
• Faulty construction: NDMA said that close to 4,000 multi-storied buildings in Ahmedabad won’t survive a high-magnitude earthquake due to a faulty design.
• The paucity of funds: Insufficiency in fund mobilization.
• Disaster response regime not swift: Testimony - Uttarakhand floods
• Lack of awareness: and training of the local population.

Way Forward:

• Strengthening of emergency response capability in earthquake-prone areas.
• Implementation of NDMA guidelines on earthquakes in letter and spirit.
• Exclusive earthquake management department.
• Investing in prevention is important, but is not a substitute for preparedness;
• Promotion of traditional Khasi model of houses in the hilly region.
• Single point contact mechanism to address coordination challenges.
• Training and capacity building of Local population at war footing.
• Research and development institutes for earthquakes.
• Learning from other countries: Over the last century, seismic engineering has evolved in countries like Japan, New Zealand and the USA, and is reasonably well documented. The Indian professional community can learn from this vast experience available across the world.

PRACTICE QUESTION Discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies for earthquakes in seismic-prone regions. (250 words)