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A recent study by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) has identified endogamy—the practice of marrying within small communities—as a major factor contributing to health disparities in India.

About CSIR-CCMB

CSIR-CCMB (Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology) is a research organization under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), focusing on basic and applied research in modern biology, training, and promoting national facilities for interdisciplinary biological techniques.

Highlights of the Report

The recent study identifies endogamy as the primary driver for population-specific diseases in India, because this practice results in the concentration of specific genetic variants within endogamous groups, which increase the likelihood of certain genetic disorders appearing within these communities.

Researchers discovered a significant number of disease-causing genetic variants that are unique to particular populations within India. These variants often lead to hereditary diseases specific to those groups, with many of these mutations being novel and previously undocumented.

The research finds a high occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis— inflammatory arthritis of the spine—within the Reddy community of Andhra Pradesh. This is linked to the 'HLA-B27:04 risk allele,' a genetic variant that increases susceptibility to the disease.

Endogamy and Its Practice in India

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific group, such as a family, clan, cultural group, caste, or religious group. It is also known as in-marriage and can be enforced by traditional customary laws or legal regulations.

Types of Endogamy

Caste endogamy: Marriage within one's caste or social class (common in India and Nepal)
Ethnic endogamy: Marriage within one's ethnic or cultural group
Religious endogamy: Marriage within one's religious group
Tribal endogamy: Marriage within the same tribe
Royal family endogamy: Marriage within the same royal family

The practice of endogamy in India has its roots in the ancient caste system, which divided society into four main castes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) and numerous sub-castes (jatis).

● This system was established by the Aryans around 1500 BC and became rigid over time. Endogamy was enforced to maintain social hierarchy, preserve cultural traditions, and prevent mixing of different social groups.

Social and Cultural Implications

Preserves group identity, cultural traditions, and religious practices.
Strengthens kinship networks and community bonds.
Maintains social hierarchy and prevents social mobility.
Can lead to social ostracism or violence when individuals marry outside their group.
Limits individual freedom in choosing marriage partners.

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Source:

THE HINDU

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Define endogamy and explain its role in reinforcing social stratification in Indian society. 150 words

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