Fisheries Sector

Description

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Context

The fisheries sector is witnessing a robust growth in the country. Fish production reached an all-time high of 161.87 lakh tonnes during 2021-22.

Fisheries sector

Recognized as a Sunrise Sector, the fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to the national income, exports and employment generation. It also provides food and nutritional security.

Important Stats

India is home to more than 10% of the global fish biodiversity and is one of the 17-mega biodiversity rich countries.
Fisheries and aquaculture witnessed manifold rise in its production during past decades, from 5 lakh tons in 1950-51 to 161.87 lakh tonnes in FY 2021-22.
Fisheries Sector has exhibited an average double-digit annual growth of 10.87 percent since 2014-15. Fish production reached an all-time high of 161.87 lakh tonnes during 2021-22.
India has become the second largest fish producer and the 4th largest exporter of fish and fisheries products taking Brand India from Local to Global.
The share of fisheries sector in the total GDP (at current prices) increased from 0.40% in 1950-51 to 1.07% of the total GDP.
It accounts for 7.56% of global production and contributing about 1.24% to the country's Gross Value Added (GVA).

Regional Distribution of Fish

Fish Production has remained uneven across the States depending on the available coastline, infrastructure and entrepreneurship. Southern Region accounted for almost half of the fish production, followed by Eastern Region with one fourth of the total national fish production.

Among the States, Andhra Pradesh (27.4%) and West Bengal (13.8%) together produce about 41% of the country’s total fish production.
Almost every State in India produces inland fish to a certain extent whereas top six States account for about three fourth of the country’s total inland fish production.
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh together account for half of the fresh water production in the country.
Marine fish production has remained limited to nine States and four UTs with coastlines. The West Coast produces 59% and the East Coast produces 41% of total marine fish.
Gujarat,with 19% of the total marine fish production, is the leading marine fish producing State followed by Andhra Pradesh (16.4%) and Tamil Nadu (13.5%).

Exports

Some Schemes and Programs

Blue Revolution

Blue Revolution, the Neel Kranti Mission has the vision to achieve economic prosperity of the country and the fishers and fish farmers as well as contribute towards food and nutritional security through full potential utilization of water resources for fisheries development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and environmental concerns.
The Blue Revolution scheme has the following components:

National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) and its activities
Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Operations
Strengthening of Database & Geographical Information System of the Fisheries Sector
Institutional Arrangement for Fisheries Sector
Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) and other need-based Interventions
National Scheme of Welfare of Fishermen

Central Funding pattern:50% of the project/unit cost for general States, leaving the rest to State agencies; 80% of the project/unit cost for North-Eastern/Hilly States leaving the rest to State agencies; 100% for Union Territories.

Deep Sea Fishing and Tuna Processing

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

Approved in 2020, it is a flagship scheme for focused and sustainable development of fisheries sector in the country with an estimated investment of Rs. 20,050 crores for its implementation during a period of 5 years from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 in all States/Union Territories, as a part of AatmaNirbhar Bharat Package.
The PMMSY is an umbrella scheme with two separate Components namely (a) Central Sector Scheme (CS) and (b) Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).
The Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) Component is further segregated into Non-beneficiary oriented and beneficiary orientated subcomponents/activities under the following three broad heads:

Enhancement of Production and Productivity
Infrastructure and Post-harvest Management
Fisheries Management and Regulatory Framework

Under CSS

North Eastern & Himalayan States : 90% Central share and 10% State share.
Other States : 60% Central share and 40% State share.
Union Territories (with legislature and without legislature): 100% Central share.
End Implementing Agencies (EIAs)

The PMMSY would be implemented through the following agencies:

Central Government and its entities including National Fisheries Development Board
State/UT Governments and their entities
State Fisheries Development Boards
Any other End Implementing Agencies as decided by Department of Fisheries

Objectives

PMMSY is designed to address critical gaps in fish production and productivity, quality, technology, post-harvest infrastructure and management, modernization and strengthening of value chain, traceability, establishing a robust fisheries management framework and fishers’ welfare.
While aiming to consolidate the achievements of Blue Revolution Scheme, PMMSY envisages many new interventions such as

fishing vessel insurance,
support for new/up-gradation of fishing vessels/boats, Bio-toilets,
Aquaculture in saline/alkaline areas, Sagar Mitras, FFPOs/Cs,
Nucleus Breeding Centres,
Fisheries and Aquaculture start-ups,
Incubators,
Integrated Aqua parks,
Integrated coastal fishing villages development etc

PMMSY scheme primarily focuses on adopting ‘Cluster or Area based approaches’ and creation of Fisheries clusters through backward and forward linkages.
Special focus will be given for employment generation activities such as seaweed and ornamental fish cultivation.
It emphasizes on interventions for quality brood, seed and feed, special focus on species diversification, critical infrastructure, marketing networks etc.

Implementation of Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)

In order to address the infrastructure requirement for fisheries sector, the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying during 2018-19 has created dedicated fund namely Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) with a total funds size of Rs 7522.48 crore.
FIDF provides concessional finance to the Eligible Entities (EEs), including State Governments/Union Territories and State entities for development of identified fisheries infrastructure facilities through Nodal Loaning Entities (NLEs) namely

(i) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD),

(ii) National Cooperatives Development Corporation (NCDC) and

(iii) All scheduled Banks.

Under the FIDF, the Department of Fisheries provides interest subvention up to 3% per annum for providing the concessional finance by the NLEs at the interest rate not lower than 5% per annum.
Loan lending period under FIDF is five years from 2018-19 to 2022-23 and maximum repayment period of 12 years inclusive of moratorium of 2 years on repayment of principal.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

Launched in 1998, Kisan Credit Card Yojana is a scheme that offers short-term, revolving credit to farmers across India.
The scheme was further extended for the investment credit requirement of farmers viz. allied and non-farm activities in the year 2004. These include Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries Sector.
In this Fish Farmers receive an ATM cum credit card that can be used to withdraw cash from ATMs.
KCC comes with a 12 monthly repayment period, which offers adequate time to pay off any debt.

Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu

This initiative would link and promote Seaweed farming and the seaweed-based industries together to bring out full-fledged expansion of this sector. Further, One Stop Park for entire seaweed value chain will link all the activities, farmers, processors, buyers, exporters, importers, retailers together for arriving at an optimum output and thereby maximizing value addition, minimizing wastage, increasing farmers income and creating employment opportunities.
This will be developed on a hub and spoke model for which Government would invest about Rs 100 crores for establishing the seaweed park.

Development of 5 Major Fishing harbours as hub of economic activities

5 major fishing harbours – Kochi, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Petuaghat– will be developed as hubs of economic activity with world class infrastructure and amenities, Seamless and quality cold chain and Hygienic handling, reduce post-harvest losses for which around 600 crores would be spent.

National Scheme of Welfare of Fishermen

The Centrally Sponsored ‘National Scheme of Welfare of Fishermen’ envisaging to provide financial assistance to fishers for construction of house, community hall for recreation and common working place and installation of tube-wells for drinking water and assistance during lean period through saving cum relief component.
Components of the schemes: The scheme is operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme through States/UT’s/FISHCOPFED (Insurance component only) and has the following three broad components:-

Development of Model Fishermen Villages.
Group Accident Insurance for Active Fishermen and
Saving-cum-Relief.

Challenges facing the Fisheries Sector in India

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

Overproductionfocusing on fewer species results in an overstock of specific fish species, lowering prices and increasing volatility.
In India, there are no additional aqua feed-consuming species or high-value fishthat should be considered when introducing new species. For example, tilapia farming has yet to take off in the country.
Inadequate hatchery technologyfor new species introduction, which could include freshwater, brackish, and marine species.
Diversification of species will assist to keep costs stable while also driving up demand for formulated aquafeeds.
Classical freshwater fish farming methods – large ponds, no water exchange, no draining, and no bottom sediment removal – are still in use, which can lead to disease-promoting conditions.

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Poor quality fish delivered in poorly managed production systemshas an impact on customer acceptability and preferences.
The lack of proper cold chain and distribution systemshas an impact on availability and marketing as a perishable item.
DEEP-GREEN POND WATER:The presence of excessive algae in the water, which is the result of an oversupply of nutrients such as phosphorus, causes the water to turn a deep green colour, especially when the water is warm and the weather is calm. Fish waste is broken down into nitrate, which is food for plants and algae, by helpful bacteria in a sequence of steps, resulting in green pond water even with heavy loads. Algal blooms are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a condition in which the population of algal cells surpasses 100,000 cells per ml. Blooming problems are most common during the summer months.
RED LAYER ON POND WATER:Excess iron or EU glenoid algae in the pond water cause the red layer on the water’s surface to appear. As a result, food and oxygen are scarce in the water.
Oxygen depletion in pond and fish gasping for air: A challenge that fish growers frequently experience. Fish usually begin floating and clutching on the water surface quite early in the morning. It occurs owing to a lack of dissolved oxygen in the water. Fish begin to die when there is a severe and long-term lack of oxygen, and dead fish have their mouths wide open. Although large fish are more likely to perish first, fish of all sizes are frequently impacted. At the pond’s edge, molluscs and crabs congregate.

OTHER FUTURE CHALLENGES

Meeting growing demands for seed, feed and fertilizers, in terms of quantities and quality
Increasingly severe competition with other resource (land/water/feed) users;
Deteriorating quality of water supplies resulting from aquatic pollution;
Climate change
Weak marketing and extension network
Overfishing: This term refers to the practice of catching fish faster than they are able to reproduce. It leads to removing these prey species from the marine environment impact predators and the aquatic ecosystem.
Bycatch:Bycatch refers to the fish, seafood, turtles, seabirds and other animals that are not targeted by fisheries, but are incidentally caught by broad-sweeping fishing mechanisms like gillnets and bottom trawls.
Damage to the ocean floor: Bottom trawls are capable of destroying anything in their paths.
Illegal Fishing: As fish species become more depleted and demand for product rises, there have been increases in illegal fishing. This takes many forms, including: keeping undersized fish, fishing in territories without permission, catching fish off-season, failing to record catch information, and using illegal procedures.

Way Ahead

The Fishing Sector has been instrumental in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people in India especially for marginalized and vulnerable communities and has contributed towards encourage socio-economic development.
In order to face these above challenges, the fisheries sector must develop the capacity to build and run effective quality assurance systemsto comply with increasing stringent international standards of international markets as well as extending these to the domestic markets.
Similarly, it should promote efforts to improve selective fishing gears to minimize by-catches of juveniles and non-target species and to develop technologies to make economical utilization of unavoidable by-catches.
The implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheriescould facilitate sustainable utilization of fishery resources and hence to overcome constraints in facing the above-mentioned challenges. In the long term, however, there is the need to develop national and regional fishery governance to ensure rational and effective fisheries management in the region.