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The Hindu

Context:

On 26th January 2025, India celebrated the 75th anniversary of enforcing its Constitution.

Details

The 75th anniversary is an opportunity to reflect on the founding ideals of the Constitution, adopted on November 26, 1949. It marks the journey of transforming India into a sovereign, democratic republic on January 26, 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision and his call to place the nation above personal beliefs remain vital for nation-building today.

How does the Indian Constitution address federalism?

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized that the Union and States are co-equal, with overriding Union powers reserved for certain situations. He emphasized that India’s biggest challenge would be to ensure that citizens prioritize the nation above their personal beliefs or identities.

Federalism is integral to India’s governance, however, the Constitution does not explicitly use the term. Dr. Ambedkar clarified that the Indian system is fundamentally federal, with Union powers overriding only during emergencies.

The judiciary has also upheld federalism as part of the basic structure in cases like S.R. Bommai v/s Union of India (1994) and Government of NCT of Delhi v/s Union of India (2024).

What are the major challenges related to India’s federal structure today?

• Conflicts between State Governors and elected governments.
• Proposals for simultaneous elections.
• Neglect of regional languages and demands for linguistic equality.
• Issues with fiscal federalism due to the Finance Commission and GST regime.
• The upcoming delimitation exercise, which may intensify Union-State debates on representation.

Dr. Ambedkar cautioned that social and economic inequalities could threaten democracy and stressed promoting fraternity as essential for national unity.

What steps should India take to strengthen its constitutional philosophy?

• Protecting democracy, liberty, and equality against emerging threats.
• Addressing caste and socio-economic divisions to build national unity.
• Resolving conflicts between the Union and States and promoting linguistic and fiscal equality.
• Encouraging informed, ethical leadership across all sectors.

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Source: 

The Hindu