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Context

Scientists recently found two new coral reefs and two unexplored seamounts in the Galapagos Islands.

About

• It is an archipelago of volcanic islands.
• Location: The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 973 km off the west coast of South America.
• Distribution: They are distributed on each side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean, surrounding the center of the Western Hemisphere.
• Country: It belongs to the Republic of Ecuador that lies 926 km to the east.
• Significance: The islands are known for their large number of endemic species that were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle.
• Galapagos Triple Junction: The islands are located at the Galapagos Triple Junction. The Galapagos Triple Junction is a geological area in the eastern Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the Galapagos Islands where three tectonic plates - the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Pacific Plate - meet.
• The archipelago is precisely located on the Nazca Plate (a tectonic plate), which is moving east/southeast, diving under the South American Plate at a rate of about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) per year.
• Climate: The archipelago is mainly characterized by a mixture of a tropical savanna climate and a semi-arid climate. It also transits into a tropical rainforest climate in the northwest.
• Highest Point: Mount Azul, at 5,541 feet is the highest point of the Galapagos Islands.
• Endemic Species: The islands are well known for their distinctive endemic species, including giant tortoises, finches, flightless cormorants, Galápagos lava lizards and marine iguanas, which evolved to adapt to islands' environments.
• Recognition: In 1978 the islands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Exclusive Species: Galápagos marine iguana is a species of iguana found only on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador).

Facts about Coral Reef Facts

• Corals are marine invertebrates (animals without a spine).
• Each coral is known as a polyp, and hundreds of them dwell together to form a colony, which expands as polyps multiply to make copies of themselves.
• Corals have a symbiotic association with zooxanthellae, which are single-celled algae.
• The algae offer food and nutrients to the coral by photosynthesis, which they perform using the sun's light.
• In turn, the corals provide a home for the algae as well as important nutrients. Corals get their vibrant colour from zooxanthellae.

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