Description

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Context

Health and family welfare minister of Karnataka directed the health department officials to undertake a scientific study of Handigodu disease and present a detailed report on its control measures.

About the disease

Handigodu Disease (HD) is a rare, chronic skeletal disorder primarily reported in certain regions of Karnataka. Named after the Handigodu village where it was first identified, this disease has significant implications for public health and medical research.

It primarily affects bones and joints leading to deformities, disability and chronic pain. Scientific studies aim to uncover the genetic, environmental and biochemical factors contributing to this disorder.

Characteristics of Handigodu Disease

Affected Population:

Predominantly seen in the Malnad region of Karnataka.

Localized occurrence suggests a genetic or environmental influence.

Symptoms:

Severe pain in joints and bones particularly in the hip and knee.

Early-onset osteoarthritis leading to deformities.

Restricted movement and gradual physical disability.

Progression:

Symptoms typically appear during childhood or adolescence.

Gradual worsening over time with no known cure.

Impact on Life Quality:

Significant disability and social stigma.

Economic challenges due to inability to perform physical labor.

Scientific Perspectives

Researchers suspect an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern as the condition is often seen in consanguineous families.

Gene mapping studies have not conclusively identified a single genetic mutation responsible for the disease.

The disease is geographically localized suggesting environmental triggers such as:

Contaminated drinking water.

Nutritional deficiencies.

These factors may exacerbate underlying genetic predispositions.

Skeletal System

Aspect	Details
Definition	The skeletal system is the biological framework that provides structure, protection and support to the human body.
Components	Bones: 206 in adults categorized into axial and appendicular skeletons. Bones are living tissues that constantly regenerate. At birth, humans have about 270 bones, which fuse to 206 in adulthood. Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue in joints, ears and nose. Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones at joints. Tendons: Connect muscles to bones enabling movement.
Functions	Support: Maintains body shape and posture. Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, ribcage protects lungs). Movement: Works with muscles to enable motion. Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus for metabolic functions. Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Fat Storage: Yellow marrow stores lipids as an energy reserve.
Classification of Bones	Long Bones: Femur, tibia (support and movement). Short Bones: Carpals, tarsals (stability and support). Flat Bones: Skull, sternum (protection). Irregular Bones: Vertebrae (specialized functions). Sesamoid Bones: Patella (embedded in tendons).
Disorders	Osteoporosis: Decreased bone density increasing fracture risk. Arthritis: Joint inflammation causing pain and stiffness. Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Sources:

ECONOMICTIMES

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.With reference to Handigodu Disease, consider the following statements:

It is a rare hereditary disease primarily affecting the skeletal system.
The disease is caused by a bacterial infection prevalent in tropical regions.
It is named after a village in Karnataka.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct. Handigodu Disease is a rare hereditary disorder affecting the skeletal system. It leads to symptoms like joint pain, bone deformities and restricted mobility often resulting in a debilitating condition.

Statement 2 is Incorrect. Unlike infectious diseases caused by bacteria, Handigodu Disease is genetic and is not related to any external infection or environmental condition. It is passed down through families due to specific genetic mutations.

Statement 3 is correct. The disease is named after the village of Handigodu in Karnataka where it was first reported in the 1970s. The initial discovery led to further studies on its genetic causes and socio-medical impact on the local population.