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Context:  

Delhi remains the most polluted city in India. Air pollution in the capital is over 17 times the limit prescribed by the World Health Organization.

Thermal power plants and air pollution

Emissions overview: TTP thermal power plants, especially coal-fired power plants, are one of the largest sources of air pollution in the world.

• A recent report brought to light the fact that these plants release SO₂ at a rate 240% higher than burning stubble, a fairly well-discussed seasonal problem.
• For example, thermal power plants alone emit more than 4327 kilotons of SO2 per year in India making India the largest producer of SO2 in the world.

Health effects: Emissions that arise from thermal power plants lead to the formation of fine particles 2.5, which are dangerous to human health because they cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

• These high levels of SO₂ cause acid rain, which is very dangerous for the ecological system and crop production.

Regulatory challenges: However, regulatory policies often overlook these, allowing thermal power plants considerable flexibility and scope for emission control technologies.

• For example, while burning stubble carries severe penalties, coal-fired power plants are often given leeway when it comes to when to install an FGD system. This remains one of the reasons why better regulations are called for, as noted in the hype below.

Waste-to-energy facilities and their role

Operating mechanism: Waste-to-energy facilities use technologies to burn waste and then use the heat generated to generate electricity.

• Such equipment includes combustion chambers and high-performance flue gas cleaning equipment designed to reduce emissions.

Pollutants emitted: Current advanced WtE plants, despite state-of-the-art emission controls, are still sources of NOx, particulates and dioxins.

• Despite the sophisticated technology of waste incineration, the above techniques release emissions that are far more dangerous and less than the older burning methods, the health effects are cause for concern.

Public Health Considerations: Studies show that, when operated well, emissions from current WtE power plants do not adversely affect the environment or human health. However, semi-controlled and uncontrolled devices remain a source of harmful emissions that require sophisticated monitoring and management.

Conclusion

Both thermal power plants and waste-to-energy facilities play a vital role in energy production and waste management but are associated with significant environmental costs. The need for strict regulatory frameworks is paramount to mitigate their impact on air quality.

Policymakers must prioritize the introduction of effective emission control technologies and hold polluters accountable for protecting public health and the environment.

A balanced approach that addresses both energy needs and environmental sustainability is essential for a cleaner future.

Source:

The Hindu