Description

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Context

Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has recognized Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology under the Hydro Category to drive innovations and explore alternate technologies to achieve net zero emission targets and ensure sustainable development of power sector for the nation.

About CEA

CEA advises the government on policy matters and formulates plans for the development of electricity systems. It is a statutory organisation constituted under section 3(1) of Electricity Supply Act 1948, which has been superseded by section 70(1) of the Electricity Act, 2003.

Officers from the Central Power Engineering Services Cadre are posted to the Central Electricity Authority of India.

Responsibilities

Under the Electricity Act 2003, CEA prescribes the standards on matters such as construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid, installation and operation of meters and safety and grid standards.

The CEA is also responsible for concurrence of hydro power development schemes of central, state and private sectors taking into consideration the factors which will result in efficient development of the river and its tributaries for power generation, consistent with the requirement of drinking water, irrigation, navigation and flood control.

About SHKT

Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology is an innovative approach to harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water for power generation.

Unlike conventional hydroelectric systems that require dams or reservoirs, SHKT operates directly in natural water bodies, such as rivers, tidal streams, and ocean currents. It is an emerging technology with potential applications in sustainable energy generation.

This technology is a solution that may support the power sector in meeting the growing demand for base-load, round-the-clock renewable energy, especially in areas with poor grid accessibility.

Surface Hydrokinetic turbines are easy to install and cost-effective, with generation cost of ₹2-3 per unit. This technology provides win-win situation both for renewable energy buyers and generators.

Characteristics of SHKT Technology

Feature	Description
Working Principle	Converts the kinetic energy of moving water into mechanical energy which is then transformed into electricity.
Installation	Deployed in flowing water without the need for large infrastructure like dams.
Energy Source	Utilizes the natural motion of water currents, tides or river flow.
Environmental Impact	Minimal as it does not disrupt the natural flow of water or aquatic ecosystems significantly.
Scalability	Can be installed individually or in arrays to suit energy demands.

Components of SHKT

Rotor

Converts water flow into rotational mechanical energy.

Blade design optimizes energy capture while minimizing drag.

Generator

Transforms rotational energy from the rotor into electrical energy.

Can be positioned above or below the water surface depending on the design.

Support Structures

Keeps the turbine stable in the water column.

Anchored to the riverbed or seabed or mounted on floating platforms.

Control Systems

Monitors operational parameters, adjusts turbine orientation and ensures safety under varying water flow conditions.

Working Mechanism

Kinetic Energy Capture: The flowing water exerts force on the rotor blades, causing them to rotate.

Mechanical to Electrical Energy Conversion: The rotor's motion drives a generator to produce electricity.

Energy Transmission: Generated electricity is transmitted to an onshore facility via underwater cables.

Advantages of SHKT Technology

Aspect	Details
Renewable Energy	Provides a sustainable and continuous energy source.
Infrastructure-Free	Does not require dams or large-scale construction.
Low Environmental Impact	Minimal disruption to aquatic ecosystems compared to traditional hydroelectric systems.
Scalability	Suitable for remote areas or small-scale energy demands.
Predictable Energy	Energy production is more predictable than solar or wind particularly in tidal systems.

Challenges in SHKT Technology

Challenge	Explanation
Low Energy Density	Water flow velocities are generally lower than wind speeds leading to less energy capture.
Marine Growth	Biofouling on turbine components can reduce efficiency and require frequent maintenance.
Structural Integrity	Needs to withstand strong currents, debris impact and corrosion in water environments.
High Initial Costs	Installation and underwater cabling can be expensive particularly in deep-water locations.
Site Dependence	Performance depends on site-specific flow characteristics such as speed and turbulence.

Applications

Useful for rural and off-grid areas with sufficient river flow.

Ideal for coastal areas with predictable tidal currents.

Integration into small-scale energy systems for localized power supply.

Augments existing renewable energy sources like solar and wind in hybrid systems.

Comparison with Other Renewable Technologies

Parameter	SHKT	Solar Energy	Wind Energy
Energy Source	Flowing water	Sunlight	Wind currents
Predictability	High	Low	Moderate
Infrastructure Need	Low	Medium	High
Environmental Impact	Low	Moderate	High (bird mortality, noise)
Installation Cost	Medium	Low	High

Sources:

PIB

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.Evaluate the potential of Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology in addressing India’s renewable energy challenges. Discuss the environmental and economic implications of its adoption. (250 Words)